فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 37، پاییز 1400)

Iran and America have walked in rugged and tortuous terrain for decades and accordingly have shaped relations that we have to draw enmity as its essence in the broadest sense. The quality of interactions has drawn the two countries into a deep whirlpool. Players of the two sides of enmity because of specific concerns without any regard to the central reason of the crisis entertained sitting to negotiate. The negotiations have demonstrated the greenhouse configuration for the apparent reason of their lack of constitutive nature and absence of immersion into social processes which show the whole case is nothing more than rolling from one side to the other side in order to buy time and hoping for the occurrence of desired events. This question comes to mind very often why greenhouse negotiations in the context of continuity of pattern of enmity have not transformed the crises regarding the two countries' relations?. The failure of the players in the two end of the crises spectrum to discuss identity, ideology, and understanding differences underneath of the conflict of interest aimed at the positive-sum game or mixed-motives game and on the other hand comprehensive deficit in respect to cognitive triangle meaning knowing own domestic environment, the other side internal environment, and international system environment has to be viewed the most plausible answer.

In the analysis of development in general and the origin and performance of developmental state in particular, the concept of political will, which is ultimately the result of institutions, is emphasized. But there is no convincing explanation of how and where this necessary will to change and create institutions comes from. The main purpose of this article is to examine how the developmental state was formed. Using a qualitative method (process tracing) and taking advantage of the theoretical achievements of the "third phase of institutionalism" and by deciphering the black box of political will, we will show that "It is the political leadership that provides the necessary ground for the formation and proper functioning of the developmental state. Leadership builds coalitions through a process backed by political capital and, through re-framing, provides a new expression of the underlying problems and obstacles to development and their solutions, and manages potential crises along the way with its pragmatic approach." The findings of this study show that in the process of political leadership as a causal mechanism, there are several variables with different relationships that ultimately affect the formation of the developmental state and the overall development process.

During a long history of bilateral relations, Iran-Russia's has experienced many changes in their relations. Against suitable capacity foe expansion economic relations, their relations have remained limited yet. Understanding the causes of this situation and continuation of limited economic relations, needs considering different internal and external factors affects on their relations. Changes in Iran's relation with international system is a very important factor in this regard. In this paper the authors focus on the two dimension of affecting element, one is the condition of decision making in Russia, and the second is influential external factors. The main element is sanctions, both America's sanctions and international sanction.The man question of this paper is that: what is the role of international factors on Iran- Russia's relations? The authors hypothesis is that international sanctions has direct impacts on Iran Russia's relations. the methodology of this research is mixed, both quantitative and qualitative.

Interregionalism is considered as one of the new fields of study in the field of international relations. Although this field of study is a new, but by studying the history of the development of this field, it can be seen that between regionalism in the international arena has been one of the variables affecting the trends of convergence and regionalism in various fields. The question raised in this study is what effect has the situation between regionalism had on cooperation and competition in the field of international security? In this study, an attempt is made to examine the impact of this field of study on two indicators of cooperation and security competition in the international arena. The research method In the first step, a hypothesis based on deductive inference is presented and in the second step, using experimental data, an attempt is made to test the hypothesis using these data. According to the hypothesis of interregional research, by influencing regional trends, it has led to the formation of a network of regions, which are interconnected in the field of security. According to the research findings, interregional security relations between actors are formed as asymmetrically, and some international actors such as the European Union, the United States and China due to a donor-recipient logic in relations. Interregional, as well as more advanced financial and institutional capabilities, have a stronger network position than the African Union and other developing actors in the international system.

Economic reforms and following that, China s peaceful rise was the beginning of the great powers and proponents of liberal values in structure of international order. The consequence of this concern has been some endeavors to try construct of China s threat perception in international system and stop China s rise. This article with confess to China s rising power in international relations and china s threat perception continuous constructing by the West, is seeking to acknowledge of the threat perception sources and how china s use of Confucius institute in its foreign policy as a geoculture attitude. The question that the article trying to answer it, is what are the main important sources of China s threat perception how the china uses of the Confucius institute as a geoculture approach? This article with descriptive- explanative method argues Confucius institute acts as China s Foreign policy instrument to moderate the atmosphere of the constructed threat and reform of the views to intentions and actions of China by introducing history, culture and civilization of china. Findings of this research shows the China s threat perception sources can categorize in three part: geopolitic- military, political- ideological and economic.

While formulating language policies and planning, governments and politicians need to pay attention to avoid dictating the conditions for the advancement and development of local languages. In language planning, it is important to pay attention to the two main factors of "realism" of local language conditions and how all nationalities and minorities "participate" in the promotion and implementation of language policy. Supporting the preservation and protection of languages and cultural diversity in a land leads to the empathy and rapprochement of ethnic groups, while neglecting this leads to the death of local dialects and ethnic cultures and thoughts. And over time will result in nothing but internal decay. This descriptive-analytical article seeks to answer the main question: How will national language policies affect the survival of other languages and dialects in a country? The hypothesis proposed by the authors emphasizes that policy-making based on the role of the national language in any country can have a two-way effect on the survival and growth of other languages and dialects of a country. Innovation of the present study is in the use of linguistic materials, documents of approvals and scientific conferences in the field of language policy and linguistic planning of local languages / small dialects in the governments of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation and Also, the achievements of the Soviet and Russian Academy of Sciences in supporting linguistic and cultural diversity based on the experience of a vast country with diverse ethnicities.

The issue of recognizing cryptocurrencies has become an important topic of discussion among experts in many disciplines with the development of emerging blockchain technology and the growing demand for digital currencies. This new type of money, which is expected to become the common currency of the 21st century, moves in the form of encrypted codes between individuals or entities connected to peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain technology also plays a major role in the development process of this type of currency and its decentralized transactions. Cryptocurrencies are at the forefront of world economic and financial development today. This has created numerous opportunities and threats in financial markets around the world and has attracted the attention of a significant number of governments, economic actors, and citizens. Accordingly, the number of actors involved in the cryptocurrency trade has increased dramatically in recent years. In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the performance of cryptocurrencies, their impact on the economy, and the threats and opportunities for the development of this technology by studying the experience of three East Asian countries in a descriptive-analytical manner that are pioneers in this field. Due to the novelty of this field of study, the present study is divided into descriptive and explanatory sections.

For the past four decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the intervention of supra-regional and regional powers, as well as historical internal social, economic and political problems, has been involved in issues in the context of historical social trends and challenges arising from the emergence of hegemonic powers. The Western interventionist is understandable. The purpose of this study is to explain and draw different scenarios for the future of social, economic and political trends of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The leading article seeks to answer the question of what future can be drawn for the social, economic and political trends of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the descriptive-analytical method, emphasizing the futures research approach and using data collection and analysis. Thus, after examining social, economic and political issues and trends and using three categories of scenarios (short-term, medium-term and long-term), eleven scenarios were set, each of which points to trends from angles that in the short-term perspective, The scenarios of "continuation of the current stable situation and authority", "struggle of arrogant powers for a global consensus against Iran" are more probable, and in the medium and long term, the failure of the scenarios designed against the Islamic Republic of Iran is explained.

چکیده / English The African Union was formed based on the experiences of the Organization of African Unity, to change the pattern of relations between countries in Africa from enmity / rivalry to friendship / cooperation, to ensure peace and security in the region. Two decades after the founding of the African Union, the organization has a track record of success and failure. The course of activities, as well as the increase in relations between the Union and the United Nations and regional organizations, demonstrates its willingness to use the tools at its disposal to secure and establish peace on the continent and, through it, to increase political development in its countries and sub-regions. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of the African Union in peace and stability in the Horn of Africa with an emphasis on political development?
The union is gradually using its tools to achieve its goals, notably the suspension of Sudan's membership until the transfer of power to civilians in its crisis reflects the union's willingness to change course and move towards political development. It seems that the African Union is pursuing the establishment of peace and political development due to the changin

This article examines the impact of international documents on the legal criminal policy of narcotics in Iran. The analysis of the effectiveness of the United Nations Convention against Narcotic Drugs and other international documents in Iran's drug policies has been done comprehensively and accurately. Introduction and review of the importance of international documents, their role in Iran's legislation and their impact on improving drug policies and programs in Iran have been considered.In the following, the United Nations Convention against Narcotic Drugs and international standards related to narcotic drugs are examined. Also, the laws and regulations of narcotic drugs in Iran and the analysis of their compatibility with international standards have been examined.Then, the direct and indirect effect of international documents on Iran's legal criminal policy in the field of drugs and the changes and improvements made in Iran's drug policies have been investigated as a result of the impact of international documents.At the end, suggestions and recommendations for improving drug policies in Iran have been presented. Also, the conclusion of this study shows that strengthening international cooperation, developing prevention and training programs, strengthening monitoring and combating trafficking, and promoting research and accurate statistics can bring significant improvement in drug policies in Iran.